Use of bacaba peel for the development of hydroelectrolytic beverages and their consumer acceptance

Abstract The hydroelectrolytic beverages segment has been expading its market and introducing new flavors in order to meet the demand for new products. However, experimental studies find concerns about the chemical compositions of these drinks. The aim of this study was to develop a drink without synthetic coloring or flavoring, with functional attributes based on the bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) peel extract. Two hydroelectrolytic drinks were developed, one hypotonic and the other isotonic, containing 0.5 and 1.0% of bacaba peel extract. Physicochemical characterization, determination of total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity were perfomed, in addition to color evaluation, as well as sensory analysis by means of preference tests. The developed formulations showed potential antioxidant activity and natural red coloring due to the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins present in the beverages. The sensory evaluation indicated positive acceptance by the tasters regarding the addition of the bacaba peel extract to the beverage formulations. The developed formulations demonstrated that the use of the bacaba peel is a viable option for the production of sports drinks, acting as a natural dye and offering health benefits due to its bioactive compounds.

Desenvolvimento de bebidas lácteas probióticas adicionadas de polpa de morango e suplementadas com L-triptofano elaboradas a partir de leite bubalino e bovino / Development of probiotic dairy beverages with strawberry pulp and supplemented with L-tryptophan from buffalo and bovine milk

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma formulação de bebida láctea bubalina probiótica adicionada de polpa de morango, comparando os efeitos do uso do leite de búfala e de vaca na elaboração dos produtos e verificando a possibilidade de suplementação com triptofano nos produtos lácteos probióticos. Como primeira etapa do trabalho, bebidas lácteas probióticas foram elaboradas a partir de leite bubalino e bovino, fermentadas com Streptococcus thermophilus TA040, Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, e formuladas com 0, 25 e 50% de soro em sua formulação. As bebidas foram avaliadas quanto à cinética de fermentação das culturas láticas utilizadas, ao teor de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais não gordurosos, pós-acidificação, viabilidade das culturas fermentadoras e sua capacidade de sobrevivência ao estresse gastrointestinal in vitro. As bebidas lácteas bubalinas apresentaram resultados superiores as bebidas bovinas. O uso do leite de búfala na elaboração das bebidas lácteas promoveu benefícios quanto as culturas láticas presentes nos produtos, exercendo efeito protetivo e influindo na preservação da viabilidade das bactérias ao longo do armazenamento refrigerado e durante a simulação do estresse gastrointestinal in vitro. As bebidas lácteas elaboradas com 25% apresentaram os resultados mais próximos aos obtidos pelos produtos controle, sem adição de soro, sendo selecionadas para a segunda parte do estudo. Nesta etapa, as formulações de bebida láctea com 25% de soro, foram acrescidas de um preparado com polpa de morango e bebidas sem adição da fruta, utilizadas como controle. As bebidas lácteas bubalinas frutadas, apresentaram menor teor de gordura e melhores características reológicas, com maior viscosidade e consistência do que os produtos controle, sem afetar a pós-acidificação, o perfil de ácido graxo, assim como, a viabilidade e a resistência às condições de estresse gastrointestinal in vitro das culturas fermentadoras. A avaliação da possibilidade de suplementar lácteos probióticos com triptofano foi realizada em conjunto com a Universidade de Milão. Para isso, iogurtes probióticos receberam adição de triptofano antes ou após a fermentação, sendo avaliados com relação ao perfil de pós-acidificação, quantidade de triptofano nos produtos, número de células viáveis por plaqueamento e citometria de fluxo ao longo do armazenamento a 25° e 4°C. Complementarmente, a influência da presença do triptofano no crescimento e produção de compostos antimicrobianos pelas culturas láticas, também foi avaliada. A adição de triptofano após a fermentação dos iogurtes, que foram armazenados sob refrigeração (4°C), além de não afetar a pós-acidificação dos produtos, apresentou benefícios quanto a viabilidade L. acidophilus, redução do dano e aumento do número de células vivas, promovendo teor maior do aminoácido nos iogurtes. A presença do triptofano nos meios de cultivo, também influenciou de forma positiva o crescimento de S. thermophilus e L. acidophilus, melhorando o desenvolvimento das bactérias durante a fermentação e influindo em uma maior atividade antilistérica por parte do S. thermophilus. Diante da influência positiva da aplicação do leite de búfala na elaboração das bebidas lácteas, assim como, a adição do triptofano em iogurtes probióticos, a suplementação do aminoácido em bebidas lácteas bubalinas frutadas permitiria a obtenção de um produto funcional, onde seus benefícios estariam relacionados tanto ao consumo do probiótico presente no produto quanto a complementação de triptofano na dieta do consumidor

The aim of this study was to develop a formulation of probiotic buffalo dairy beverage added with strawberry pulp, comparing the effects of using buffalo and cow's milk in the preparation of products and verifying the possibility of tryptophan supplementation in probiotic dairy products. As a first stage of the work, probiotic dairy beverages were made from buffalo and bovine milk, fermented with Streptococcus thermophiles TA040, Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, and formulated with 0, 25 and 50% whey in their formulation. The beverages were evaluated for the fermentation kinetics of the used lactic cultures, the levels of protein, fat and total no fat solids, post-acidification, fermenting cultures viability and their ability to survive gastrointestinal stress in vitro. Buffalo milk use in dairy beverages production promoted benefits regarding the lactic cultures present in the products, exerting a protective effect and influencing the viability preservation of bacteria during the cold storage and simulation of gastrointestinal stress in vitro. Dairy beverages made with 25% whey addition showed results similar to those obtained by the control products, without whey addition, being selected for the second part of the study. In this part, the dairy beverages formulations with 25% whey, were added with a preparation were added with a strawberry pulp preparation and dairy beverages without added fruit, used as a control. Fruity bubaline dairy beverages had lower fat content and better rheological characteristics, with higher viscosity and consistency than control products, without affecting post-acidification, fatty acid profile, as well as viability and resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal condition of fermented cultures. The possibility of supplementing probiotic dairy products with tryptophan was evaluated in partnership with the University of Milan. For this, probiotic yogurts received the addition of tryptophan before or after fermentation, being evaluated in relation to the post-acidification profile, tryptophan amount in the products, viable cell number per plating and flow cytometry during storage at 25°C and 4°C. In addition, the influence of the tryptophan presence on the growth and production of antimicrobial compounds by lactic cultures was also evaluated. The addition of tryptophan after the yogurt fermentation, which were stored under refrigeration (4°C), in addition to not affecting the post-acidification of the products, showed benefits to the viability of L. acidophilus, reduced the damage and increased the number of cells promoting higher amino acid content in yogurts. Tryptophan presence in the culture media also positively influenced the growth of S. thermophiles and L. acidophilus, improving the development of bacteria during fermentation and influencing better antilisteric activity in the part of S. thermophiles. In view of the buffalo milk positive influence observed after the application in dairy beverage preparation, as well as the addition of tryptophan in probiotic yoghurts, amino acid supplementation in fruity buffalo dairy beverages would allow to obtain a functional product, where its benefits would be related both to the consumption of the probiotic present in the product as to the supplementation of tryptophan in the consumer's diet

Development and characterization of an innovative synbiotic fermented beverage based on vegetable soybean

Abstract Soymilk was produced from vegetable soybean and fermented by probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12) in co-culture with Streptococcus thermophilus. The composition of the fermented beverage and oligosaccharides content were determined. The effect of fructooligosaccharides and inulin on the fermentation time and viability of probiotic microorganisms throughout 28 days of storage at 5 °C were evaluated. The soymilk from vegetable soybeans was fermented in just 3.2 h, when pH reached 4.8. Fermentation reduced the contents of stachyose and raffinose in soymilk. Prebiotics had no effect on acidification rate and on viability of B. animalis and S. thermophilus in the fermented beverage. The viable counts of B. animalis Bb-12 remained above 108 CFU mL-1 in the fermented soymilk during 28 days of storage at 5 °C while L. acidophilus La-5 was decreased by 1 log CFU mL-1. The fermented soymilk from vegetable soybeans showed to be a good food matrix to deliver probiotic bacteria, as well as a soy product with a lower content of non-digestible oligosaccharides.

Effect of Fruit Juices and Other Beverages on Loss of Tooth Structure

Objective: To determine the effect of seven different beverages on tooth enamel. Material and Methods: Human teeth samples were immersed in each beverage (Pepsi, Red Bull, Orange juice, Apple juice, Lemon juice, Coffee and Green tea). Specimens were divided into seven groups by beverage type (n = 5 per group). Weight of the enamel was measured before and after immersion in different beverages daily for at periodic intervals of 24hrs, 7 days, 15 days and 30 days. The data were recorded after weighing the teeth at each time. The beverages were replaced daily. Anova and Tukey post hoc test was performed to compare the differences in percent weight loss. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: There was change in the mean percent weight loss amongst the different beverages with orange juice showing a high reduction in comparison to green tea and coffee. The mean weight reduction of orange juice was by 21% followed by Red Bull (13%), Pepsi (11%), Lemon juice (16%), Apple juice (16%), coffee (3%) and green tea (3%). Conclusion: This study shows that different beverages have erosive potential on teeth depending on the duration of the exposure.

Energy, added sugar, and saturated fat contributions of taxed beverages and foods in Mexico / Contribución de energía, azúcar añadido y grasa saturada de las bebidas y alimentos con impuesto en México

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the dietary contribution of taxed beverages and foods. Materials and methods: Using 24-hour diet recall data from the Ensanut 2012 (n=10 096), we estimated the contribution of the items which were taxed in 2014 to the total energy, added sugar, and saturated fat intakes in the entire sample and by sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The contributions for energy, added sugar, and saturated fat were found to be 5.5, 38.1, and 0.4%, respectively, for the taxed beverages, and 14.4, 23.8, and 21.4%, respectively, for the taxed foods. Children and adolescents (vs. adults), medium and high socioeconomic status (vs. low), urban area (vs. rural), and North and Center region (vs. South) had higher energy contribution of taxed beverages and foods. The energy contribution was similar between males and females. Conclusions: These taxes covered an important proportion of Mexicans' diet and therefore have the potential to improve it meaningfully.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la contribución dietética de las bebidas y alimentos con impuesto. Material y métodos: Con el recordatorio de 24-horas de la Ensanut 2012 (n=10 096), estimamos la contribución de los productos con impuesto en 2014 al consumo total de energía, azúcar añadido y grasa saturada en toda la muestra y por sociodemográficos. Resultados: La contribución de energía, azúcar añadido y grasa saturada fue 5.5, 38.1 y 0.4%, respectivamente, para bebidas con impuesto y 14.4, 23.8 y 21.4%, respectivamente, para alimentos con impuesto. Los niños y adolescentes (vs. adultos), nivel socioeconómico medio y alto (vs. bajo), área urbana (vs. rural), y región Norte y Centro (vs. Sur) tuvieron una contribución de energía mayor de bebidas y alimentos con impuesto. La contribución fue similar entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: Estos impuestos cubren una proporción importante de la dieta mexicana y por lo tanto tienen el potencial de mejorarla de manera relevante.

Efecto de diferentes bebidas en la estabilidad de color de las resinas compuestas para restauraciones directas / Th effect of different beverages on color stability of composite resins for direct restorations

Las resinas compuestas constituyen un grupo de materiales restauradores utilizados debido a sus propiedades estéticas, físicas y mecánicas. Sin embargo, un gran número de factores, como la dieta, oclusión, fallas en la técnica de obturación y caries, pueden llevar al fracaso. Este trabajo tiene el propósito de determinar la existencia de cambios de color de distintos tipos de resinas compuestas para restauraciones directas, luego de su exposición a diferentes bebidas de consumo habitual. Se realizó un diseño experimental “in vitro”, transfiriéndolo a un “diseño clínico”. Para la interpretación de los resultados clínicos se seleccionó un análisis estadístico que tenga en cuenta los grupos de resinas utilizadas. De ahí se obtuvieron valores en cuanto a cambios de color en los distintos grupos sumergidos en diferentes sustancias. En los grupos I (Z 350 3M), II (Brillant ) y III (Amaris) puede afirmarse que, al sumergir las piezas dentarias (in vitro) en vino tinto, infusión de mate y bebidas colas, fueron significativamente más pigmentadas que las sumergidas en una solución de cloramina T como grupo control. Sin embargo, en los tres casos clínicos hubo cambios de color, pero se mantuvo dentro de las tonalidades rojizas amarillentas y parduscas.

The composite based resins ave a group of restorative materials used due to their aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties. However, a great number of factors, such as diet, occlusion, restorative technique faults, and cavities, may lead to failure. The main of this study, is to determinate the different composite resins changing color for direct restorations, after his exposure to current drinks. It has been made an experimental “in vitro” design, transferring it to a “Clinical design”. For the interpretation of clinical results, a statistical analysis was selected, which considers the groups of used resins, getting values in terms of changes colors in the diverse groups submersed in different substances. In the groups I (Z 350 3M), II (Brillant) and III (Amaris), con be affirmed that when the teeth were submerged into red wine, mate infusion, and coke drinks, were significantly more pigmented those which were submerged in chloramine T as a control group. Nevertheless, in the three clinical cases, there was change of color, but staying within the reddish, yellowish and Brown shades.

Impact of pectolytic enzyme on the fermentation time and free-run juice rate of Sharad red wine.

We evaluated the effect of addition of commercially available pectolytic enzyme preparations in the must from Sharad variety, cultivated in India and its influence on some oenological parameters of red wine. The small scale fermentations demonstrated marked difference of organoleptic (colour) and rheologic characteristics (filterability, settling rates) and aroma between enzyme treated samples and control samples. We observed 29% enhancement in free-run juice yield and a remarkable 43% reduction in the fermentation time compared to the control. This biotechnological approach has demonstrated the economic feasibility and the benefits of adding 0.05 g. Kg-1 grapes pectolytic enzyme in terms of yield, aroma, colour, clarity and fermentation period.

Neutralising antibodies for Mayaro virus in Pantanal, Brazil

The Pantanal hosts diverse wildlife species and therefore is a hotspot for arbovirus studies in South America. A serosurvey for Mayaro virus (MAYV), eastern (EEEV), western (WEEV) and Venezuelan (VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses was conducted with 237 sheep, 87 free-ranging caimans and 748 equids, including 37 collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder outbreak had been recently reported. Sera were tested for specific viral antibodies using plaque-reduction neutralisation test. From a total of 748 equids, of which 264 were immunised with vaccine composed of EEEV and WEEV and 484 had no history of immunisation, 10 (1.3%) were seropositive for MAYV and two (0.3%) for VEEV using criteria of a ≥ 4-fold antibody titre difference. Among the 484 equids without history of immunisation, 48 (9.9%) were seropositive for EEEV and four (0.8%) for WEEV using the same criteria. Among the sheep, five were sero- positive for equine encephalitis alphaviruses, with one (0.4%) for EEEV, one (0.4%) for WEEV and three (1.3%) for VEEV. Regarding free-ranging caimans, one (1.1%) and three (3.4%), respectively, had low titres for neutralising antibodies to VEEV and undetermined alphaviruses. The neurological disorder outbreak could not be linked to the alphaviruses tested. Our findings represent strong evidence that MAYV and all equine encephalitis alphaviruses circulated in the Pantanal.

Bebidas mistas de extratos de arroz com maracujá e mamão / Mixed drinks prepared with extracts of rice with passion fruit and papaya

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver bebidas elaboradas com extratos de arroz (quirera, integral parboilizado e integral) com sabores de mamão e maracujá, e estudar as características físico-químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas. Foram avaliados custo das formulações, aceitabilidade, contagem de bolores e leveduras, contagem de coliformes a 35 °C e a 45 °C, a presença de Salmonella sp e as demais características: composição centesimal, açúcares redutores, fibra alimentar, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis e potencial antioxidante. Todas as bebidas podem ser consideradas alimentos funcionais, em função de seus teores de fibra alimentar total. No entanto, na bebida elaborada com o extrato de arroz integral parboilizado foram detectados os maiores teores de fibra alimentar total (2,37 g.100 g-1) e solúvel (1,20 g.100 g-1). A adição de extratos de arroz integral e integral parboilizado tornou a bebida de maracujá e mamão nutricionalmente mais rico em proteínas e lipídios. Todas as bebidas foram aceitas pela população entrevistada com atributo intenção de compra de acima de 90 %, e apresentaram conformidade nos padrões microbiológicos exigidos pela legislação brasileira. A quirera, o arroz integral e o integral parboilizado podem ser utilizados como ingredientes na formulação de bebidas à base de polpa de mamão e maracujá...

Physico-chemical Quality Characteristics and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points for the Production of Millet-based Kunun Zaki Obtained from Three Production Locations in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Aim: To study the commercial preparation of Kunun zaki in three locations in Port Harcourt namely; Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya and Mgbuogba, to compare the microbiological, physico-chemical, and nutritional qualities of commercial and laboratoryprepared Kunun drinks and to establish the critical control points at various points of the production process. Place and Duration of Study: Sample collection areas were Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya, Mgbuogba, and the Laboratory, between August and December 2012. Sample analysis was done in the Food and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory of University of Port Harcourt. Methodology: At selected stages of preparation of Kunun zaki from Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya, Mgbuogba and the Laboratory, nine samples each were collected into sterile screw-capped 50cl bottles for analysis at the Food and Industrial Microbiology laboratory of University of Port Harcourt. Analyses carried out were to determine the microbial contaminants, proximate and physico-chemical parameters. Samples of fresh Kunun zaki were stored at 5ºC for three days for analysis on effect of storage. Results: The microorganisms associated with freshly prepared Kunun zaki and that stored at refrigeration temperature (5ºC) for three days were Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., Candida spp., and Saccharomyces spp. Freshlyprepared Kunun zaki had the highest coliform and staphylococci counts of 8.0x104 and 8.3x103cfu/ml respectively in Bori-camp preparation, while Laboratory-prepared Kunun zaki harboured none of these organisms. Total viable counts of commercially-prepared (Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya, and Mgbuogba) products ranged from 2.50x104 to 1.53x106cfu/ml, while Laboratory-prepared product was 6.0x104cfu/ml. Fungal counts of commercially-prepared Kunun zaki ranged from 2.5x103 to 1.36x105cfu/ml, while Laboratory-prepared Kunun zaki had fungal counts of 5.6x102cfu/ml. Yeasts were the main spoilage organisms which persisted at storage temperature of 5ºC for three days. The protein and carbohydrate contents, as well as calcium, zinc, copper, and manganese decreased after being stored for three days at 5ºC. Conclusion: Therefore Kunun zaki could be safely consumed after storage at 5ºC for three days, if good manufacturing practices like the use of fresh non-moldy grains and spices, cooled boiled water for grain washing and steeping, sterile stainless steel containers, steam-sterilized grinder, and sterile screw-capped bottles for packaging be applied at all the production stages. Educating the producers on the hazards, critical control points (steeping, milling and packaging), and temperature maintenance for Kunun zaki preparation are important.

Aproveitamento de soro lácteo na formulação de bebidas com frutas e hortaliças / The use of whey in the formulation of beverages with fruits and vegetables

O uso do soro lácteo como complemento na formulação de alimentos visando ao seu aproveitamento é uma alternativa para a obtenção de novos produtos. Neste trabalho, desenvolveram-se bebidas à base de soro oriundo de queijo coalho tipo A com frutas e hortaliças. Na formulação das bebidas, utilizaram-se diferentes proporções entre soro lácteo, frutas e hortaliças, com adição de 10% de açúcar. Seis bebidas foram formuladas e submetidas a um teste de preferência, e as três primeiras colocadas foram submetidas a um teste de aceitação sensorial. As três preferidas foram as bebidas sabor graviola, morango e goiaba. A bebida sabor graviola obteve aceitação com as melhores notas nos atributos sensoriais cor, sabor, aparência e qualidade global, seguida pela formulação de sabor morango, mas sem diferença significativa (P>0,05). A bebida sabor goiaba teve o diferencial no atributo odor e superou as bebidas sabor graviola e morango (P<0,05). Conclui-se que é viável a elaboração de bebidas à base de soro de queijo coalho com frutas.

The use of whey as complement in food formulation aiming it's an alternative for the attainment of new products. The aim of this work was developed a type A curd cheese whey derived drink with fruits and vegetables. On drink's formulation was used different ratios of whey, fruits and vegetables, with 10% of sugar. Six drinks were formulated and submited to a preference test. The three best drinks were submitted to a acceptance test. The three best drinks were graviola, strawberry and guava flavours. The graviola one had the greater acceptability with best grades in color's sensory attributes, flavor, appearance and overall quality, following the strawberry flavor, but without significant difference (P<0,05). The guava dink had it's differential on scent character, overcoming the graviola and strawberry drinks (P<0,05). In conclusion we can say that whey-based drink with fruits is viable.

Contaminação fúngica de plantas medicinais utilizadas em chás / Fungal contamination of medicinal plants used in teas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica quanto à presença de fungos filamentosos em ervas do tipo Peumus boldus Molina (Boldo), Pimpinella anisum L. (erva-doce) e Matricaria chamomilla L. (Camomila) comercializadas na cidade de Campina Grande (Paraíba). Nove amostras de cada planta foram analisadas, totalizando 27 amostras, obtidas aleatoriamente nas feiras livres e barracas informais da cidade. Cada 10 g de amostra foram suspensas em 90 mL de solução salina 0,89% estéril, obtendo-se o concentrado, a partir do qual foram realizadas diluições sucessivas. A seguir, uma alíquota de 0,1mL de cada diluição foi semeada em placas de Petri contendo Ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, as quais foram incubadas à temperatura ambiente por cinco a dez dias. Após este período foram contadas as colônias fúngicas presentes e realizados seus respectivos microcultivos para identificação através de microscópio óptico. Foram encontrados fungos toxigênicos como Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. e Fusarium sp., estando o primeiro presente em todas as amostras avaliadas. Também foram identificados os fungos Exophiala sp. E Fonsecaea sp., que possuem importância clínica, podendo causar micose. A forma como estas plantas são armazenadas para comercialização e a falta de fiscalização torna questionável a qualidade das plantas comercializadas para obtenção de chás, o que pode comprometer a saúde do consumidor ao utilizar esses produtos na forma de Chá.

The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality, with regard to the presence of filamentous fungi, of the tea herbs Peumus boldus Molina (boldo leaf), Pimpinella anisum L. (anise) and Matricaria chamomilla L. (wild chamomile) marketed in the city of Campina Grande (Paraiba State, Brazil). Nine samples of each plant, totaling 27 samples, were randomly collected in street markets and informal stalls in the city. In the laboratory, 10 g of each sample was ground and suspended in 90 mL of 0.89% sterile saline solution, affording the concentrate from which serial dilutions were obtained. Aliquots of 0.1 mL of each dilution were spread on plates of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, which were then incubated at room temperature for five to ten days. After this period, the fungal colonies were counted, their morphology was analyzed and subcultures were made on slides for identification by optical microscope. Toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. were found, the first being present in all plant samples. The fungi Exophiala sp. and Fonsecaea sp., which are clinically significant as they can cause mycoses, were also identified. The method of storing these plants before sale and the lack of inspection raise questions about the quality of the marketed herbs, suggesting that the health of the consumer who uses these products to make tea could be harmed.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de bebida láctea e creme de leite UAT por ATP-Bioluminescência / Evaluation of microbiological quality of UHT milk drink and UHT milk cream by ATP-Bioluminescence

Embora métodos tradicionais sejam utilizados na avaliação microbiológica de produtos UAT, metodologias rápidas, baseadas em ATP-Bioluminescência, têm sido desenvolvidas. Os resultados da aplicação dessa técnica em 54 amostras de bebida láctea UAT achocolatada e 12 de creme de leite UAT foram comparados com os resultados de métodos microbiológicos, utilizando-se diferentes meios de cultura e tempos de incubação das referidas amostras. A técnica de ATP-Bioluminescência foi aplicada por meio do sistema MLS, e os resultados foram expressos em unidades relativas de luz (RLU). Em todos os tempos de incubação - 48, 72 e 168 horas - , as amostras apresentaram contagens baixas de microrganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos aeróbios quando analisadas em meio PCA, BHI, PetrifilmTM AC e por ATP-Bioluminescência (<150 RLU), demonstrando alta especificidade da técnica. Apenas uma amostra de creme de leite UAT apresentou contagem de mesófilos aeróbios acima do padrão estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (<100 UFC/mL) quando analisada em meio PCA (260 UFC/mL) e PetrifilmTM AC (108 UFC/mL), no tempo de 168 horas. Essa alta contagem de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios também foi detectada pela técnica de ATP-Bioluminescência (416 RLU). Os resultados da técnica de ATP-Bioluminescência foram iguais aos resultados em meio PCA, BHI e PetrifilmTM AC.

Although traditional methods are used for the microbiological evaluation of UHT products, rapid methodologies based on ATP-Bioluminescence have been developed. The results of applying this technique in 54 samples of chocolate UHT milk drink and 12 of UHT milk cream were compared with the results of microbiological methods, using different culture media and incubation times for the referred samples. The ATP-Bioluminescence technique was applied through the MLS system and the results were expressed as relative light units (RLU). In all incubation times - 48, 72, and 168 hours - , the samples showed lower counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic microorganisms when analyzed using PCA, BHI, PetrifilmTM AC and ATP-Bioluminescence (<150RLU), demonstrating the technique's high specificity. Only one sample of UHT milk cream showed a mesophilic aerobic count above the standard established by Brazilian legislation (<100CFU/mL) when analyzed in PCA (260 CFU/mL) and PetrifilmTM AC (108CFU/mL) at 168 hours. This high count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms was also detected by the ATP-Bioluminescence (416 RLU) technique. The results of the ATP-Bioluminescence technique were equal to the results in PCA, BHI and PetrifilmTM AC.

Contenido de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante de bebidas elaboradas con panela

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el contenido de polifenoles y la capacidad antioxidante en bebidas elaboradas con panela (edulcorante natural obtenido de la concentración del jugo de caña), a fin de evaluar su potencial como fuentes de antioxidantes. En bebidas elaboradas con tres marcas de panela (A, B y C) sabor a limón, mandarina y durazno, se determinó el contenido de polifenoles totales utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu y la capacidad antioxidante por tres métodos: Eficiencia antirradical DPPH, poder reductor férrico (FRP) y capacidad de absorción de radicales de oxígeno (ORAC). El contenido de polifenoles varió de 0,76 a 1,26 g EAG/mL y 0,73 a 1,32 g EAT/mL, observando un mayor contenido para la bebida sabor a limón seguido por mandarina y durazno. Las bebidas tienen una Eficiencia Antirradical (EA) baja y los compuestos antioxidantes presentes muestran una cinética lenta. El poder reductor férrico fue de 8,28 a 10,41 mmol Fe+2/L. Los valores de ORAC variaron desde 1.536 hasta 5.220 μmol ET/100mL, siendo las elaboradas con la marca B la de mayor ORAC, seguida por la marca A y C. La interacción marca-sabor afecta de forma significativa el contenido de polifenoles totales y la EA, además el procesamiento térmico afecta significativamente la EA (p < 0,05). Los valores de polifenoles encontrados y la capacidad antioxidante mostrada por las bebidas elaboradas con panela indican que son productos potencialmente con capacidad antioxidante.

Polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity in beverages made with panela. The objective of this work was to determine the total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity in beverages made with panela (a natural sweetener obtained after drying the unrefined whole sugarcane juice) in order to assess their potential as sources of antioxidants. In beverages made with three panela brands (A, B and C) with lemon, tangerine and peach flavors, the total polyphenols content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu ´s reactive and antioxidant capacity was determined by three methods: antiradical efficiency DPPH, ferric reducing power (FRP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The total polyphenols content ranged from 0.76 to 1.26 EAG g/mL and 0.73 to 1.32 EAT g/mL. The lemon flavored beverage showed the highest total polyphenols content followed by tangerine and peach flavored beverages. The three beverages had a low antiradical efficiency (AE) and the antioxidant compounds present in the beverages showed a slow kinetic. The ferric reducing power ranged from 8.28 to 10.41 mmol Fe+2/L. The ORAC values ranged from 1,536 to 5.220 μmol ET/100mL. The brand B showed the highest ORAC, followed by brands A and C. The brand-flavor interaction significantly affects the total polyphenols content and the EA, thermal processing also significantly affect the AE (p<0.05). The values of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity found in the beverages made with panela indicate that they are products potentially with antioxidant capacity.

Efecto de las condiciones de almacenamiento sobre el color, contenido de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante de una bebida de Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas / Effect of storage conditions on color, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of a Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas beverage

In Latin America, popular tradition in some places have been attributed properties to borojó fruit, making it a potential source for the design and development of a functional product, but there is little scientific literature reference biological activity of this fruit. The aim of this study was to evaluate color changes, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of borojo (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas) pulp beverage without chemical preservatives, it was stored at 4° C, 17° C and 37° C for 17 days. Coordinate a* was adjusted to zero order kinetics and the total polyphenol content (TP) and the antioxidant capacity (CA) had adjustments to first-order kinetics, suggesting a linear correlation between the degradation rates. The results showed that beverage storage at 4°C allowed a better retention of color changes, polyphenols and antioxidant compounds in nature, compared with the other storage temperatures.

En Latinoamérica, la tradición popular en algunas poblaciones le han atribuído al fruto del borojó propiedades, que lo hacen fuente potencial para el diseño y desarrollo de productos de carácter funcional; sin embargo es poca la literatura científica aún, que referencia alguna actividad biológica de este fruto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los cambios de color, el contenido de polifenoles y la capacidad antioxidante de una bebida de pulpa de borojó (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas.) sin conservantes químicos, ésta fue almacenada a 4º C, 17º C, y 37º C durante 17 días. En color la coordenada a* se ajustó a una cinética de orden cero; el contenido de polifenoles totales (PT) y la capacidad antioxidante (CA) presentaron ajustes a una cinética de primer orden, sugiriendo una correlación lineal entre las velocidades de degradación. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el almacenamiento de la bebida a 4° C permitió una mejor retención en los cambios de color, polifenoles y compuestos de carácter antioxidante, en comparación con las demás temperaturas de almacenamiento.

Resultados clínicos e metabólicos da abreviação do jejum com carboidratos na revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio / Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery

INTRODUÇÃO: Existe pouca informação sobre abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com oferta de líquidos ricos em carboidratos (CHO) nas operações cardiovasculares. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar variáveis clínicas, segurança do método e efeitos no metabolismo de pacientes submetidos à abreviação do jejum na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM). MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes submetidos à CRVM foram randomizados para receberem 400 ml (6 horas antes) e 200 mL (2 horas antes) de maltodextrina a 12,5% (Grupo I, n=20) ou apenas água (Grupo II, n=20) antes da indução anestésica. Foram avaliadas diversas variáveis clínicas no perioperatório e também a resistência insulínica (RI) pelo índice de Homa-IR e pela necessidade de insulina exógena; além da função excretora da célula beta pancreática pelo Homa-Beta e controle glicêmico por exames de glicemia capilar. RESULTADOS: Não ocorreram óbitos, broncoaspiração, mediastinite, infarto agudo do miocárdio ou acidente vascular encefálico perioperatórios. Fibrilação atrial ocorreu em dois pacientes de cada grupo e complicações infecciosas não diferiram entre os grupos (P=0,611). Pacientes do Grupo I apresentaram dois dias a menos de internação hospitalar (P=0,025) e um dia a menos na UTI (P<0,001). O tempo de uso de dobutamina foi menor no Grupo I (P=0,034). Houve pior controle glicêmico nas primeiras 6 horas de pós-operatório no Grupo II (P=0,012). RI foi constatada e não diferiu entre os grupos (P>0,05). Declínio da produção endógena de insulina ocorreu em ambos os grupos (P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com oferta de CHO na CRVM foi segura, melhorou o controle glicêmico na UTI, diminuiu tempo de uso de dobutamina, e de internação hospitalar e na UTI. Contudo, não influenciou a RI e morbimortalidade de fase hospitalar.

INTRODUCTION: Limited information is available about preoperative fasting abbreviation with administration of liquid enriched with carbohydrates (CHO) in cardiovascular surgeries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinical variables, security of the method and effects on the metabolism of patients undergoing fasting abbreviation in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing CABG were randomized to receive 400 ml (6 hours before) and 200 ml (2 hours before) of maltodextrin at 12.5% (Group I, n=20) or just water (Group II, n=20) before anesthetic induction. Perioperative clinical variables were evaluated. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by Homa-IR index and also by the need of exogenous insulin; pancreatic beta-cell excretory function by Homa-Beta index and glycemic control by tests of capillary glucose. RESULTS: Deaths, bronchoaspiration, mediastinitis, stroke and acute myocardial infarction did not occur. Atrial fibrillation occurred in two patients of each group and infectious complications did not differ among groups (P=0.611). Patients of Group I presented two days less of hospital stay (P=0.025) and one day less in the ICU (P<0.001). The length of time using dobutamine was shorter in Group I (P=0.034). Glycemic control in the first 6h after surgery was worse for Group II (P=0.012). IR was verified and did not differ among groups (P>0.05). A decline in the endogenous production of insulin was observed in both groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Preoperative fasting abbreviation with the administration of CHO in the CABG was safe. The glycemic control improved in the ICU; there was less time in the use of dobutamine and length of hospital and ICU stay was reduced. However, neither IR nor morbimortality during hospital phase were influenced.

Desenvolvimento de bebidas mistas à base de cajá (Spondias mombin l.) E caju (Anacardium occidentale) enriquecidas com frutooligossacarídeos e inulina / Development of mixed beverages made of caja (Spondias mombin l.) and cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) added of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar tres bebidas mistas a base de caja (Spondias mombin L.) e caju (Anacardium occidentale), na forma "pronto para beber", com propriedades prebioticas e avaliar as suas caracteristicas quimicas, fisico-quimicas e sensoriais. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulacoes com duas combinacoes de polpa de fruta, sacarose e ingredientes prebioticos (inulina padrao, inulina de alto desempenho- HP e frutooligossacarideos- FOS). As formulacoes foram submetidas as determinacoes de pH, acidez, solidos soluveis, acucares, acido ascorbico, carotenoides totais e polifenois totais e avaliacoes da aceitacao dos atributos sensoriais, corpo, docura e impressao global, atitude de compra e preferencia dos consumidores. Verificou-se que o pH (3,19 a 3,40), solidos soluveis totais (14,80 a 15,40 oBrix) e polifenois totais (24,76 a 34,58mg/100g) apresentaram diferenca estatistica significativa (p .0,01). Enquanto para os teores de acidez total (0,48 a 0,56 mg/100g), acucares totais (7,78 a 9,84%), acucares redutores (1,62 a 2,08%), acucares nao redutores (5,86 a 7,85%), acido ascorbico (33,43 a 35,17 mg/100g) e carotenoides totais (30,30 a 34,20 mg/100g), nao se observou diferenca significativa. Os atributos sensoriais avaliados apresentaram resultados variando na escala sensorial entre "nao gostei nem desgostei" e "gostei muito" (medias de 5,80 a 7,06). Nos atributos docura, corpo e atitude de compra nao houve diferenca (p>0,05) entre as bebidas, porem, diferiram estatisticamente (p.0,05) no atributo impressao global. A bebida com FOS apresentou uma aceitacao semelhante a bebida controle, mostrando ser uma opcao de alimento funcional atendendo as expectativas dos consumidores, que buscam alimentos saudaveis, nutritivos e saborosos.

The purpose of this work was to develop three mixed drinks based on caja (Spondias mombin L.) and cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) pulps, added prebiotic ingredients and to evaluate their chemical, physicochemical and sensory properties. Four formulations with combinations of two pulp fruit, sucrose and prebiotic ingredients (Standard inulin, inulin high performance-HP-and fructooligosaccharides FOS) were developed. The mixed drinks were submitted the following analysis pH, acidity, soluble solids, sugars, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total polyphenols and acceptance ratings of the sensory attributes such as: consistency, sweetness and overall impression, attitude and consumers purchase preference. The pH, total soluble solids and polyphenol results showed difference (p . 0.01) significant, while for the analysis of total acidity, sugars, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, it was not observed significant difference. The sensory attributes evaluates showed results ranging in scale between "I did not like or disliked "and" liked "(average 5.80 to 7.06). The attributes sweetness, consistency and attitude of buying showed no difference (p> 0.05) between drinks, however, differed significantly (p . 0.05) for the attribute of overall impression. The drink with FOS showed a similar acceptance when compared to traditional (sucrose) drink, showing an option of meeting the functional food expectations of consumers, who seek healthy, nutritious and tasty foods.

Bioaccesibilidad de minerales en infusiones de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St) y en mezclas con leches fortificadas con hierro

Se evaluó la bioaccesibilidad de diversos minerales en infusiones de yerba mate y en preparaciones con leche fortificada con Fe para determinar la influencia de las infusiones en la biodisponibilidad potencial de minerales intrínsecos y del Fe de fortificación. Se evaluó la dializabilidad (D) de hierro, calcio, magnesio y zinc, como indicador de la bioaccesibilidad, en muestras de leche fortificada con sulfato ferroso (SF), bisglicinato férrico (BGF) y EDTANaFe. También se evaluó en mezclas de leche con mate cocido y en infusiones-cocciones con leches fortificadas. En cada caso se estudió la acción del ácido ascórbico (AA) en una relación Fe:AA 1:4. En el mate cocido la DFe fue nula y aumentó a 15% con el agregado de AA. La DFe en leche con SF, BGF y EDTANaFe (1.2; 1.0 y 27.4 respectivamente), se incrementó con el agregado de AA a 2.9; 3.5 y 24.8. La DFe en la mezcla leche:mate cocido resultó 4.7%; 5.7% y 31.2% para SF, BGF y EDTANaFe respectivamente. Con el agregado de AA resultó de 13.5%; 13.7% y 25.7% En infusiones- cocciones en leche fortificada con SF, los valores resultaron menores a los de la mezcla. La DCa no presentó variaciones importantes en las leches fortificadas y sus preparaciones con yerba mate, mientras que la DMg y la DZn solo mostraron una disminución significativa en la infusión-cocción. El consumo de infusiones de yerba mate no aporta cantidades significativas de minerales. Sin embargo, su consumo en mezclas con leche no afectaría negativamente la disponibilidad de Fe en dicha matriz.

The bioaccesibility of various minerals in infusions of yerba mate (mate cocido) and preparations with Fe-fortified milk was assessed to determine the influence of the infusions on the potential bioavailability of intrinsic minerals and fortified Fe. The dialyzability (D) of iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc was evaluated, as indicator of bioaccesibility in milk samples fortified with ferrous sulfate (FS), ferric bisglicinate GF) and EDTANaFe. Dialyzability was also evaluated in mixtures of milk with mate cocido and in infusions cooked with Fe-fortified milk. In each case the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) in a ratio Fe: AA 1:4 was studied. In the mate cocido FeD was zero and increased to 15% with the addition of AA. The FeD in milk with SF, BGF and EDTANaFe (1.2, 1.0 and 27.4 respectively), increased with the addition of AA to 2.9, 3.5 and 24.8. The FeD in the mixture milk: mate cocido was 4.7%, 5.7% and 31.2% for SF, BGF and EDTANaFe respectively. With the addition of AA was 13.5%, 13.7% and 25.7%. In infusions cooked with SF fortified milk, the values were lower than those of the mixture. The CaD did not show significant changes in Fe fortified milk and its preparations with yerba mate, while the MgD and ZnD only showed a significant reduction in infusion cooked with Fe-fortified milk. The use of infusions of yerba mate does not provide significant amounts of minerals. However, its use in mixtures with milk will not adversely affect the availability of Fe in that matrix.

Development of an orange juice surrogate for the study of dental erosion

The aim of this study was to create a synthetic juice (SJ) to be used as a surrogate for natural orange juices in erosion studies, verifying its erosive potential. The SJ was formulated based on the chemical composition of orange juices from different locations. Forty enamel and 40 root dentin specimens were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups (n=10): SJ; 1% Citric Acid (CA); Minute Maid Original® (MM) and Florida Natural Original® (FN). The specimens were immersed in their respective solutions for 5 min, 6x/day for 5 days, in an erosion-remineralization cycling model. Enamel specimens were analyzed by surface Knoop microhardness and optical profilometry and dentin specimens only by optical profilometry. Outcomes were analyzed statistically by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test considering a significance level of 5%. For enamel, the surface loss and microhardness changes found for MM and SJ groups were similar (p>0.05) and significantly lower (p<0.01) than those found in the CA group. For dentin, CA promoted significantly greater (p<0.01) surface loss compared with all the other groups. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in dentin surface loss between MM and SJ. In conclusion, CA was the most erosive solution, and SJ had a similar erosive potential to that of MM natural orange juice.

O objetivo deste estudo foi criar um suco sintético (SJ) para ser usado como substituto do suco de laranja natural em estudos de erosão dental, verificando o seu potencial erosivo. O SJ foi formulado com base na composição química de sucos de laranja de diferentes locais. Quarenta espécimes de esmalte e 40 de dentina radicular foram aleatoriamente alocados em 4 grupos experimentais (n=10): SJ; 1% Citric acid (CA); Minute Maid Original® (MM) e Florida Natural Original® (FN). Os espécimes foram imersos nas suas respectivas soluções por 5 min, 6x/dia por 5 dias, em um modelo de ciclagem de erosão-remineralização. Os espécimes de esmalte foram analisados por microdureza de superfície Knoop e perfilometria ótica, enquanto que os espécimes de dentina foram analisados somente por perfilometria. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente com o teste de ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Para o esmalte, a perda superficial e as alterações de microdureza encontradas para os grupos MM e SJ foram similares (p>0,05) e significantemente menores (p<0,01) do que as encontradas para o grupo CA. Para dentina, CA promoveu significantemente (p<0,01) a maior perda de superfície quando comparada aos outros grupos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes (p>0,05) entre a perda de superfície de dentina dos grupos MM e SJ. Concluiu-se que CA foi a solução mais erosiva e SJ apresentou um potencial erosivo semelhante ao do suco de laranja natural MM.